13^th World Congress on Aquaculture & Fisheries October 28-29, 2019 Tokyo,Japan

Freshwater culture is understood the cultivation of aquatic organisms where the end product is raised in freshwater, such as reservoirs, rivers, lakes, canals and groundwater, in which the salinity does not normally exceed 0.5. Earlier stages of the life cycle of these aquatic organisms may be spent in brackish or marine waters. There are three major culture systems: open, semi-closed and closed culture systems.

Marine aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of aquatic plants and animals. It can take place in the ocean, or on land in tanks and ponds. Marine aquaculture produces primarily oysters, clams, mussels, shrimp, salmon, and other marine fish. There are different types of marine culture: Open ocean, Enhanced stocking, Sea water pond

Aquaculture, conjointly referred to as blue farming, is that the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and different aquatic organisms. cultivation conferences involves discussions of cultivating fresh and brine populations underneath controlled conditions, and may be contrasted with business fishing, that is that the gathering of untamed fish. As populations increase worldwide, the demand for fish product has conjointly up. Fish give low-fat, nutritive food sources and essential oils for individuals of all ages. The various ways of cultivation are  intensive, Semi Intensive, ways.

Survival rates for fish and shrimp in aquaculture production can range from 30-80%, depending on species cultured, disease challenge, production system, and geographical location around the world. As little as five percent difference in survival rate in an aquaculture operation can make the difference between profit and loss.

Dietary supplementation to improve intestinal function and balance the immune system can increase survival rates in fish and shrimp. Research shows improved intestinal function and a balanced immune system correlate with:

• Health and disease resistance
• Yield and survivability
• Feed digestibility and efficiency

An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems

Marine ecosystems cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water. They generate 32% of the world's net primary production. They are distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by the presence of dissolved compounds, especially salts, in the water. Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in seawater are sodium and chlorine. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.

The most simple definition of Aquaponics is the combination of aquaculture (raising fish) and hydroponics (the soil-less growing of plants) that grows fish and plants together in one integrated system. The fish waste provides an organic food source for the plants, and the plants naturally filter the water for the fish.

The third participants are microbes (nitrifying bacteria). These bacteria convert ammonia from the fish waste first into nitrites, and then into nitrates.  Nitrates are the form of nitrogen that plants can uptake and use to grow.  Solid fish waste is turned into vermicompost that also acts as food for the plants.

Hydroponics suggests that growing plants in water while not soil. The invention that plants will grow while not soil was created way back by many civilizations that lived within the desert. Growing crops during a desert space is tough as a result of the soil is poor and there's very little water. Folks living within the deserts had to seek out ways in which to grow crops with little water. It appears strange that growing crops in water is that the best thanks to use quantity amount of water. Most of the water that's given to plants grown up in soil goes through the soil and reaches near the plants. Once plants are grownup in water, most of the water goes to the plants. Scientists everywhere the planet still use biology and husbandry to assist farmers turn out food crops which will feed the world’s population within the years ahead. Husbandry can realize uses in medication as a result of several plants are to blame for manufacturing medicines we tend to presently use. Pharmaceutical scientists have found that they'll create several of those drug manufacturing plants unleash medicine through their roots. It's so much easier and fewer high-priced for corporations to get rid of chemicals from water than it's to get rid of identical chemicals from soil. Pharmaceutical or drug corporations can still work on finding ways in which of manufacturing plants that may unleash medicine through their roots and into the water they're growing in. medicine made by husbandry can price less cash to supply and fewer cash to the consume.

Open-ocean aquaculture is still a young and mostly unregulated industry that isn't necessarily environmentally sound, but aquaculture also is the fastest growing food sector globally," said James Watson, an Oregon State University environmental scientist and co-author on the study. One important step before developing such an industry is to assess whether such operations will succeed under warming conditions.

In general, all three species we assessed – which represent species in different thermal regions globally – would respond favorably to climate change."

Aquaculture provides a primary protein source for approximately one billion people worldwide and is projected to become even more important in the future, the authors say. However, land-based operations, as well as those in bays and estuaries, have limited expansion potential because of the lack of available of water or space.

Open-ocean aquaculture operations, despite the name, are usually located within several miles of land – near enough to market to reduce costs, but far enough out to have clean water and less competition for space. However, aquaculture managers have less control over currents, water temperature, and waves.

Aquaculture is projected to be the prime supply of food by 2030, as demand grows from the worldwide class and wild capture fisheries approach their most take. Once practiced responsibly, fish farming will facilitate give livelihoods and feed a world population that may reach 9 billion by 2050 except for associate degree cultivation system to be really property, it should have: environmental property, economic property, Social and community property. Sustainable cultivation could be a dynamic conception and therefore the property of associate degree cultivation system can vary with species, location, social group norms and therefore the state of information and technology.  

The deep-water demersal fishes are generally divided into two categories, benthic and benthopelagic. The benthic fishes are those that have a close association with the seabed and include species such as skates and flat fishes. Benthopelagic fishes are those that swim freely and habitually near the ocean floor and, in the areas where deep-water fisheries are commercially viable, they comprise most of the exploited biomass. The ultimate source of almost all energy for the deep sea is the production of phytoplankton in the euphotic zone, which in turn is consumed by the herbivores, which are then preyed on by the carnivores. A certain amount of the energy from his food chain reaches the deep sea as a continuous rain of dead organisms or their products. Recently, it has been shown that there is a rapid seasonal input of organic material directly associated with dead phytoplankton to the sediments of the deep sea.

Agribusiness focusses on the Livestock Farming. Domesticated animals Farming is a rural procedure to yield items, for example, nourishment, fiber, calfskin, fleece, and work by raising plain creatures like poultry, cow, cows, angle and different warm-blooded creatures. As of late, domesticated animals cultivating is exceptionally all around oversaw as creatures are furnished with appropriate nourishing sustenance and safe house. These days emphasis centralized computer is likewise a piece of animal’s development as it at last lifts item yield and quality. Pigs and poultry are raised seriously in indoor situations. Be that as it may, indoor creature cultivating has regularly been bemoaned for different reasons - on grounds of contamination and for creature welfare reasons. Animals cultivating go about as the principle part of the rural business and economy of significant developing nations. Agribusiness gathering gives a chance to specialists and researcher to investigate the progressed and most recent research headway in the territory of Livestock Farming and Genetic Engineering.

Nanotechnology assumes an indispensable part now a day. With the headways and improvement of nanotechnology, made nanomaterials (MNMs) is broadly utilized as a part of different fields. Nanomaterials in the aquaculture business applications are progressively broad. In light of the ebb and flow various existing examinations and reports identified with nanotechnology and  nanomaterials in the aquaculture business, in water refinement, sustenance and nourishment handling, biomedical and cultivating hardware a few parts of a preparatory group and condense for the assortment utilizations of MNMs in aquaculture field. Investigation and incorporation some related examinations and reports about MNMs application in aquaculture industry, particularly in the marine aquaculture industry, for an organized audit and talk of MNMs application in aquaculture. Nanotechnology has been exhibited as a powerful modulator in various parts of aquaculture as infection finding, retention of medications or hormones, antibodies and supplement conveyance and so forth. Despite the fact that in the aquaculture fields the business applications are to some degree rare, it has huge plausibility to utilize. 

The aquaculture production has grown steadily owing to the dramatic expansion in this sector worldwide. During the past three decades production increased from 6.2 million t in 1983 to 70.2 million t in 2013 (FAO, 2015). Aquaculture surpassed the supplies from the capture fisheries and contributed nearly 51% to the global fish production in 2013. This achievement was possible mainly because of the commercialization of farm produced aquatic groups such as the shrimps, salmon, bivalves, tilapia and catfish. This sector also benefitted from the significant production of certain low-value freshwater species through integrated farming, intended for domestic production. One of the major challenges for the sustainable development of aquaculture industry is to minimize environmental degradation concurrently with its expansion. Though majority of aquaculture production originate from extensive and semi-intensive farming systems, the recent increase in intensive farming of marine carnivorous fed-species is associated with environmental concerns. Integrating waste generating (fed) and cleaning (extractive) organisms in Mari culture is a practical technology for sustainable Mari culture. In a balanced integrated system, aquaculture effluents can be converted into commercial crops while restoring water quality.

Toxicology is the science of poisons, which are sometimes referred to as toxins or toxicants. The earlier term applies to all natural poisons produced by organisms, such as the botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.  Heavy metals are metallic chemical elements that have a relatively high density and are toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Examples are mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic and cadmium. Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation.

Pollution and toxicology is an inter-disciplinary field of science concerned with the investigation of the destructive impacts of various substance, organic and physical entities on living life forms. Pesticides are termed as one among the major source of ecological pollution and toxicity, as these are chemically synthesized agents that have been known to persist in the environment long after their administration.

Diseases of fish and shellfish affect both wild and aquaculture populations, accounting for millions of dollars in lost fishery revenues and ecosystem services each year There are some fish diseases and   infections that can be transmitted from fish, and the water in which they are cultured, to humans. Although the infection of humans with fish pathogens is a  relatively unusual event, it is a health risk that needs to be recognized by  fish farmers and other people who handle and/or consume farmed seafood.

The incidence of transmission of disease from fish to humans is dependent upon several factors including the type of organism (viral, parasitic or bacterial), the susceptibility of the host  (immuno-compromised individuals, presence of open wounds) and environmental  factors (quality of the water, depth of penetration of fish spines).

Most disease causing agents which can transmit from fish to humans are bacterial and their clinical effects and treatments are listed in Optimum farm design, appropriate husbandry and handling, water quality management and regular fish health monitoring will reduce the risk of disease transfer from fish and their environs to workers in the aquaculture industry.

Oceans cover over 70% of the Earth’s surface and contain a diverse array of species, habitats and ecosystems. As many as 100 million species live in our oceans, contributing to a rich biodiversity far exceeding that found on land. Marine extinction risk has ramped up rapidly in the past 50 years, to converge upon the level of risk seen on land. People use and benefit from oceans and coasts in a number of important ways – through recreational activities, coastal living, tourism, fishing, shipping, and exploiting reserves of oil, gas and minerals found beneath the sea floor in many parts of the world.

Fishing technique

Fishing techniques embrace hand-gathering, spearfishing, netting, angling and trapping. Recreational, industrial and artisanal fishers use completely different techniques, and also, sometimes the similar techniques. Recreational fishers fish for pleasure or sport, whereas industrial fishers fish for profit. Artisanal fishers use ancient, low-tech strategies, for survival in third-world countries, and as a cultural heritage in alternative countries. Mostly, recreational fishers use sport fishing strategies and industrial fishers use netting strategies.

Different Techniques

Trawling is the most common commercial fishing method used in New Zealand waters.  It is generally used for deep-water fisheries like orange rough , hooky, ling, hake and squid.  A fishing boat tows a large net behind it, sometimes in the middle of the water, and sometimes on the sea floor.  Sometimes two fishing boats might tow a big net together.

Seining involves dropping a net to surround and trap a school of fish.  There are two types of seining – Danish seining, which is used to catch fish near the bottom of the sea, and purse seining, which is used to catch fish near the surface.

Dredging is used to gather scallops and oysters from shallow water.  A fishing boat tows a steel net (dredge) along the sea floor, and the net scrapes up all the shellfish living there.

Most common line fishing methods are hand-lines and long-lines.

Hand-lines are mainly used by recreational fishers.  A hand-line is a single fishing line, usually attached to a rod, and held by hand.

Long-lines have a main fishing line, with lots of shorter lines hanging off it.The shorter lines have bait and hooks attached to them. The main line is anchored at each end, and floats stop the line from sinking. Line fishing doesn’t bruise or damage the fish as much as net fishing, but you can’t catch as many fish as quickly on a line as you can in a net.

Ultra violet system in Aquaculture

ULTRAAQUA UV systems continuously disinfect more than 100,000 m³/h of water in aquaculture systems. Millions of salmon, sturgeons, eels, turbot, sea bass etc. are produced in aquaculture systems worldwide. Here ULTRAAQUA UV systems have been chosen to increase security from infection diseases thereby protecting millions of invested dollars. Diseases such as Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) are prevented in Chile through the use of ULTRAAQUA UV systems. This has given the respected fish farms security and reassurance that the fish is not infected. The UV systems are also easy to maintain, the lamp lifetime is 16.000 hours guarantied and they do not take up time in the daily routines. This is why our UV systems are highly recommended and used in several hundreds of aquaculture systems worldwide. Water abundance and purity continue to decline while disease concerns found in source waters continue to increase. Simultaneously, increased consumption of fish has led to growing demands for higher stock densities in the same hatchery footprint. Aquafina UV Systems are perfect for use in: Fish hatcheries , Incubation, rehabilitation facilities, Depuration facilities, Aquariums Processing Plants Influent/effluent treatment

UV Applications in Aquaculture

• Disinfection – the most common application of UV in water treatment. UV systems significantly reduce pathogen counts in incubation and rearing facilities and have proven to be the most cost-effective disinfection technology for the inactivation of many types of bacteria, viruses and parasites harmful to many species of fish.
• Ozone Destruction – ozone is often used in a fish hatchery to enhance the quality of problematic water sources used for incubating and rearing fish. However, residual ozone in the water can be extremely toxic or fatal to the aquatic life being reared. UV light systems are applied to consume the residual ozone in the bulk water prior to contacting the fish.

Automatic Self-cleaning Micro screen Filters used in aquaculture

Aqua care specifies micro screen Filters as a highly efficient solids removal filter for aquaculture applications. It is effective for fine and soft solids removal.

The filter provides high capacity single stage filtration to gently separate soft solids with minimal head loss. The grid supported micro screen removes larger and fine particles. Screen sizes are available with openings as small as 15 microns. Most aquaculture operations use a screen opening of 60-100 microns. This makes the filter ideal for recirculation facilities where solids removal is essential for efficient performance of the bio-filtration system. Water flows through the lower part of the filter and through the moving filter drum. Solids in the water collect on the drum and are carried into the path of the screen wash spray, which blows the solids into the solids collection channel. The filter should be gravity fed to avoid particle size reduction by a pump impeller. The filter is continuously self-cleaning using cold water, with available periodic programmable hot water rinses to remove biological fouling that can eventually clog the screens. The filter operates with a low energy consumption. The Drum micro screen Filter features a stainless steel micro screen for strength and durability. The drum is turned by a fractional HP motor coupled to a heavy-duty permanently lubricated gear box. The strong motor and extra strength gearbox add to the filter’s service life significantly. Electronic variable speed controllers are standard. Solids dewatering is available as an option. The filters are available in many configurations including drop in channel mount units. All wetted parts used in manufacturing the filter are made of non-corrosive materials.

Aquaculture Pond Buoy

The Aquaculture Pond Buoy allows easy remote monitoring of dissolved oxygen levels and temperature in aquaculture pond raceways. The solar-powered buoy has an easy-to-use optical RDO Titan probe for 24-hour dissolved oxygen monitoring, plus a transceiver that transmits data wirelessly, right to your laptop or PC.

Features:

• Rugged optical dissolved oxygen probe
• Automatic temperature compensation
• Solar panel and battery
• Automated self-cleaning system
• Automatic alarms via text message or email
• Custom programming for your site’s needs

Benefits:

Save time, money, and labor — Reduces spot-checking rounds, automates aerator control and eliminates calibration for an entire season.

Mitigate risks — Automated real-time alerts reduce the risk of fish kills.

Increase yields – Real-time oxygen monitoring lets you optimize feed ratios while minimizing fish stress, disease and mortality.

Electro pulse fishing

Electrofishing is a technique whereby electrical energy is put into the water and fish .Electrofishing relies on two electrodes which deliver direct current at high-voltage from the anode to the cathode through the water. When a fish encounters a large enough potential gradient on this path, it becomes affected by the electricity. Usually pulsed direct current (DC) is applied, which causes muscular vibration in the fish, intercepting this energy, are drawn toward the probes and incapacitated in such a way that they can be captured with nets. The movement of fish toward the source of electricity is called galvanotaxis (uncontrolled involuntary muscular convulsion that results in the fish swimming toward the anode) and is believed to be a result of direct stimulation of the central and autonomic nervous systems which control the fish‘s voluntary and involuntary reactions.

The effectiveness of electrofishing is influenced by a variety of biological, technical, logistical, and environmental factors. The catch is often selectively biased as to fish size and species composition. When using pulsed DC for fishing, the pulse rate and the intensity of the electric field strongly influence the size and nature of the catch. The conductivity of the water, which is determined by the concentration in the water of charge carriers (ions), influences the shape and extent of the electric field in the water and thus affects the field's ability to induce capture-prone behavior in the fish.

How it actually works

When a fish swims into a weak electrical field, it's going to not be affected in the slightest degree. There's a threshold of electrical charge that has to be emitted into the water in order to effect on the fish. Once the electrical charge within the water is sufficient to allow transport of the charge across the nerve cells within the body, then the fish‘s muscles can endure involuntary contraction. The contractions can cause increased exercise of the muscle and a buildup of feed within the blood stream. This method is incredibly almost like what happens to the muscles of a runner or a swimmer UN agency exerts a great deal of exercise. The runner or swimmer might eventually get a cramp within the muscle and can't move it effectively. once the fish cramps up, it floats to the surface and removed from the electrical field. The method to stun a fish is sometimes five – ten seconds.

Fisheries conference gives information about marketing of fish and pricing of fish. Fish markets were known in antiquity. They served as a public space where large numbers of people could gather and discuss current fisheries event and local politics. Because seafood is quick to spoil, fish markets are historically most often found in seaside towns. Once ice or other simple cooling methods became available, some were also established in large inland cities that had good trade routes to the coast. Since refrigeration and rapid transport became available in the 19th and 20thcentury, fish markets can technically be established at any place. However, because modern trade logistics in general has shifted away from marketplaces and towards retail outlets, such as supermarkets, most seafood worldwide is now sold to consumers through these venues, like most other foodstuffs.  Consequently, most  major fish markets now mainly deal with wholesale trade, and the existing major fish retail markets continue to operate as much for traditional reasons as for commercial ones. Both types of fish markets are often tourist attractions as well. To provide exposure to technologies, increase international tie-ups and to provide knowledge about recent trends in fisheries and aquaculture is the aim of organizing World aquaculture Conference.